Perfeccionismo socialmente prescrito y afectividad en población infantil española
Resumen
El presente estudio tiene por objeto analizar la relación entre el Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito (PSP) y el afecto durante la infancia. Se empleó una muestra compuesta por 804 alumnos de Educación Primaria entre 8 y 11 años (M=9.57; DE=1.12), así como la subescala PSP de la Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale y la 10-Item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children que evalúa el Afecto Positivo (AP) y Negativo (AN). Se compararon las puntuaciones medias en AP y AN entre los alumnos con altos y bajos niveles de PSP. Los alumnos con alto PSP puntuaron significativamente más alto que sus iguales con bajo PSP tanto en AP como en AN, siendo pequeña la magnitud de las diferencias encontradas. En consonancia, los resultados de las regresiones logísticas revelaron que ambas dimensiones afectivas predijeron positiva y significativamente altas puntuaciones en PSP, con valores de Odd Ratio de 1.08 y 1.05, respectivamente, para el AP y el AN. Los resultados no coinciden con las evidencias empíricas previas en población adulta y adolescente, lo cual implica que considerar el entorno demandante de perfeccionismo no posee las mismas consecuencias durante la infancia que en edades posteriores.
Citas
Anderson, E.R. y Hope, D.A. (2008). A review of the tripartite model for understanding he link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 275-287. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.004
De Maris, A. (2003). Logistic regression. En J.A. Schinka y W.F. Velicer (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (pp. 509-532). Nueva Jersey: John Wiley y Sons.
Downey, C.A. y Chang, E.C. (2007). Perfectionism and symptoms of eating disturbances in female college students: considering the role of negative affect and body dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors, 8, 497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.02.002
Downey, C.A., Reinking, K.R., Gibson, J.M., Cloud, J.A., y Chang, E.C. (2014). Perfectionistic cognitions and eating disturbance: distinct mediational models for males and females. Eating Behaviors, 15, 419-426. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.04.020
Dunkley, D.M., Zuroff, D.C., y Blankstein, K.R. (2006). Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 665-676. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.008
Ebesutani, C., Regan, J., Smith, A., Reise, S., Higa-McMillan, C., y Chorpita, B.F. (2012). The 10- Item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children, Child and Parent Shortened Versions: application of item response theory for more efficient assessment. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(2), 191-203. doi: 10.1007/s10862-011- 9273-2
Egloff, B. (1998). The independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 1101-1109. doi: 10.1016/S0191- 8869(98)00105-6
Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., y Hewitt, P.L. (2009). Perfectionism, performance, and state positive affect and negative affect after a classroom test. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24, 4-18. doi: 10.1177/0829573509332457
Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., Boucher, D.J., Davidson, L.A., y Munro, Y. (2000). The ChildAdolescent Perfectionism Scale: development, validation, and association with adjustment. Manuscrito inédito, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá.
Frost, R.O., Heimberg, R.G., Holt, C.S., Mattia, J.I., y Nuebauer, M. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119-126. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2
García, D., Adrianson, L., Archer, T., y Rosenberg, P. (2015). The dark side of the affective profiles: differences and similarities in psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism. SAGE Open, 1-14. doi: 10.1177/2158244015615167
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., y Vicent, M. (2016). Escala de perfeccionismo para niños y adolescentes. Manual interno. Universidad de Alicante, España.
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Gómez-Núñez, M.I., y Poveda-Serra, P. (2016). Perfeccionismo durante la infancia y la adolescencia. Análisis bibliométrico y temático (2004-2014). Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 7(2), 79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.rips.2016.02.001
Gaudreau, P. y Thompson, A. (2010). Testing a 2 x 2 model of dispositional perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 532-537. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.031
Gaudreau, P. y Verner-Filion, J. (2012). Dispositional perfectionism and well-being: a test of the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism in the sport domain. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 1(1) 29-43. doi: 10.1037/a0025747
Hewitt, P.L. y Flett, G.L. (2004). Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Ho, M.S.H., Appleton, P.R., Cumming, J., y Duda, J.L. (2015). Examination the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and burning out symptoms in deaf and hearing athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9, 156-172. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0035
Inglés, C.J., García-Fernández, J.M., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., y Sanmartín, R. (2016). Profiles of perfectionism and school anxiety: a review of the 2 x 2 model of dispositional perfectionism in child population. Fontiers in Psychology, 7, 1403. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01403
Inglés, C.J., Gonzálvez, C., García-Fernández, J.M., Vicent, M., y Martínez-Montegudo, M.C. (2015). Current status of research on school refusal. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 8(1), 37-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.10.005
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S.J., Joiner, T.E., Rudolph, K.D., Potter, K.I., Lambert, S., … Gathright, T. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 326-338. doi: 10.1037/1040- 3590.11.3.326
Lozano-Fernández, L.M., García-Cueto, E., Martín-Vázquez, M., y Lozano-González, L. (2012). Desarrollo y validación del Inventario de Perfeccionismo Infantil (I.P.I.). Psicothema, 24(1), 149-155.
Marten-Dibartolo, P. y Rendón, M.J. (2012). A critical examination of the construct of perfectionism and its relationship to mental health in Asian and African Americans using a cross-cultural framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(3), 139-152. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.007
Molnar, D.S., Reker, D.L., Culp, N.A., Sadava, S.W., y DeCourville, N.H. (2006). A mediated model of perfectionism, affect, and physical health. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 482-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.04.002
Morris, L. y Lomax, C. (2014). Review: assessment, development, and treatment of childhood perfectionism: a systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(4), 225- 234. doi:10.1111/camh.12067
Nejad, E.M., Ali-Besharat, M., Haddadi, P., y Abdolmanafi, A. (2011). Mediation effects of positive and negative affect on the relationship between perfectionism and physical health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.035
Norlander, T., Bood, S.A., y Archer, T. (2002). Performance during stress: Affective personality, age, and regularity of physical exercise. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 30(5), 495-508. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.5.495
Ramiro, P., Navarro, J.I., Menacho, I., López, M., y García, M.A. (2016). Bienestar psicológico en personas con alta capacidad intelectual. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(2), 72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.12.001
Ramos-Díaz, E., Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Revuelta, L., y Axpe, I. (2016). El rol mediador de la implicación escolar sobre el apoyo del profesorado y la satisfacción con la vida. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 6(3), 151-165. doi: 10.1989/ejihpe.v6i3.178
Randles, D., Flett, G.L., Nash, K.A., McGregor, I.D., y Hewitt, P.L. (2010). Dimensions of perfectionism, behavioral inhibition, and rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.002
Short, M.M., y Mazmanian, D. (2013). Perfectionism and negative repetitive thoughts: examining a multiple mediator model in relation to mindfulness. Personality ad Individual Differences, 55, 716-721. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.026
Stoeber, J. y Corr, P.J. (2015). Perfectionism, personality, and affective experiences: new insights from revised reinforcement sensitivity theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 354-359. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.045
Stoeber, J. y Corr, P.J. (2016). A short empirical note on perfectionism and flourishing. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 50-53. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.036.
Stoeber, J., Kempe, T., y Keogh, E.J. (2008). Facets of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism and feelings of pride, shame, and guilt following success and failure. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1506-1516. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.007
Stoeber, J. y Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 295-319. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., y Clark, L.A. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297-303.
Tuccitto, D.E., Giaccobi, P.R., y Leite, W.L. (2010). The internal structure of positive and negative affect: a confirmatory factor analysis of the PANAS. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(1), 125-141.
Vicent, M., Inglés, C.J., Gonzálvez, C., Sanmartín, R., y García-Fernández, J.M. (2016). Perfeccionismo socialmente prescrito y los cinco grandes rasgos de la personalidad en niños españoles. European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education, 6(2), 107-118.
Watson, D. y Clark, L.A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267-296. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_4
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., y Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Watson, D. y Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
De Maris, A. (2003). Logistic regression. En J.A. Schinka y W.F. Velicer (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (pp. 509-532). Nueva Jersey: John Wiley y Sons.
Downey, C.A. y Chang, E.C. (2007). Perfectionism and symptoms of eating disturbances in female college students: considering the role of negative affect and body dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors, 8, 497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.02.002
Downey, C.A., Reinking, K.R., Gibson, J.M., Cloud, J.A., y Chang, E.C. (2014). Perfectionistic cognitions and eating disturbance: distinct mediational models for males and females. Eating Behaviors, 15, 419-426. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.04.020
Dunkley, D.M., Zuroff, D.C., y Blankstein, K.R. (2006). Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 665-676. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.008
Ebesutani, C., Regan, J., Smith, A., Reise, S., Higa-McMillan, C., y Chorpita, B.F. (2012). The 10- Item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children, Child and Parent Shortened Versions: application of item response theory for more efficient assessment. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(2), 191-203. doi: 10.1007/s10862-011- 9273-2
Egloff, B. (1998). The independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 1101-1109. doi: 10.1016/S0191- 8869(98)00105-6
Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., y Hewitt, P.L. (2009). Perfectionism, performance, and state positive affect and negative affect after a classroom test. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24, 4-18. doi: 10.1177/0829573509332457
Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., Boucher, D.J., Davidson, L.A., y Munro, Y. (2000). The ChildAdolescent Perfectionism Scale: development, validation, and association with adjustment. Manuscrito inédito, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá.
Frost, R.O., Heimberg, R.G., Holt, C.S., Mattia, J.I., y Nuebauer, M. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119-126. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2
García, D., Adrianson, L., Archer, T., y Rosenberg, P. (2015). The dark side of the affective profiles: differences and similarities in psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism. SAGE Open, 1-14. doi: 10.1177/2158244015615167
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., y Vicent, M. (2016). Escala de perfeccionismo para niños y adolescentes. Manual interno. Universidad de Alicante, España.
García-Fernández, J.M., Inglés, C.J., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Gómez-Núñez, M.I., y Poveda-Serra, P. (2016). Perfeccionismo durante la infancia y la adolescencia. Análisis bibliométrico y temático (2004-2014). Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 7(2), 79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.rips.2016.02.001
Gaudreau, P. y Thompson, A. (2010). Testing a 2 x 2 model of dispositional perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 532-537. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.031
Gaudreau, P. y Verner-Filion, J. (2012). Dispositional perfectionism and well-being: a test of the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism in the sport domain. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 1(1) 29-43. doi: 10.1037/a0025747
Hewitt, P.L. y Flett, G.L. (2004). Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Ho, M.S.H., Appleton, P.R., Cumming, J., y Duda, J.L. (2015). Examination the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and burning out symptoms in deaf and hearing athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9, 156-172. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0035
Inglés, C.J., García-Fernández, J.M., Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., y Sanmartín, R. (2016). Profiles of perfectionism and school anxiety: a review of the 2 x 2 model of dispositional perfectionism in child population. Fontiers in Psychology, 7, 1403. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01403
Inglés, C.J., Gonzálvez, C., García-Fernández, J.M., Vicent, M., y Martínez-Montegudo, M.C. (2015). Current status of research on school refusal. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 8(1), 37-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.10.005
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S.J., Joiner, T.E., Rudolph, K.D., Potter, K.I., Lambert, S., … Gathright, T. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 326-338. doi: 10.1037/1040- 3590.11.3.326
Lozano-Fernández, L.M., García-Cueto, E., Martín-Vázquez, M., y Lozano-González, L. (2012). Desarrollo y validación del Inventario de Perfeccionismo Infantil (I.P.I.). Psicothema, 24(1), 149-155.
Marten-Dibartolo, P. y Rendón, M.J. (2012). A critical examination of the construct of perfectionism and its relationship to mental health in Asian and African Americans using a cross-cultural framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(3), 139-152. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.007
Molnar, D.S., Reker, D.L., Culp, N.A., Sadava, S.W., y DeCourville, N.H. (2006). A mediated model of perfectionism, affect, and physical health. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 482-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.04.002
Morris, L. y Lomax, C. (2014). Review: assessment, development, and treatment of childhood perfectionism: a systematic review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(4), 225- 234. doi:10.1111/camh.12067
Nejad, E.M., Ali-Besharat, M., Haddadi, P., y Abdolmanafi, A. (2011). Mediation effects of positive and negative affect on the relationship between perfectionism and physical health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.035
Norlander, T., Bood, S.A., y Archer, T. (2002). Performance during stress: Affective personality, age, and regularity of physical exercise. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 30(5), 495-508. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.5.495
Ramiro, P., Navarro, J.I., Menacho, I., López, M., y García, M.A. (2016). Bienestar psicológico en personas con alta capacidad intelectual. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(2), 72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.12.001
Ramos-Díaz, E., Rodríguez-Fernández, A., Revuelta, L., y Axpe, I. (2016). El rol mediador de la implicación escolar sobre el apoyo del profesorado y la satisfacción con la vida. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 6(3), 151-165. doi: 10.1989/ejihpe.v6i3.178
Randles, D., Flett, G.L., Nash, K.A., McGregor, I.D., y Hewitt, P.L. (2010). Dimensions of perfectionism, behavioral inhibition, and rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.002
Short, M.M., y Mazmanian, D. (2013). Perfectionism and negative repetitive thoughts: examining a multiple mediator model in relation to mindfulness. Personality ad Individual Differences, 55, 716-721. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.026
Stoeber, J. y Corr, P.J. (2015). Perfectionism, personality, and affective experiences: new insights from revised reinforcement sensitivity theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 354-359. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.045
Stoeber, J. y Corr, P.J. (2016). A short empirical note on perfectionism and flourishing. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 50-53. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.036.
Stoeber, J., Kempe, T., y Keogh, E.J. (2008). Facets of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism and feelings of pride, shame, and guilt following success and failure. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1506-1516. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.007
Stoeber, J. y Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 295-319. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., y Clark, L.A. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297-303.
Tuccitto, D.E., Giaccobi, P.R., y Leite, W.L. (2010). The internal structure of positive and negative affect: a confirmatory factor analysis of the PANAS. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(1), 125-141.
Vicent, M., Inglés, C.J., Gonzálvez, C., Sanmartín, R., y García-Fernández, J.M. (2016). Perfeccionismo socialmente prescrito y los cinco grandes rasgos de la personalidad en niños españoles. European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education, 6(2), 107-118.
Watson, D. y Clark, L.A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267-296. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_4
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., y Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Watson, D. y Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
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Perfeccionismo socialmente prescrito; afecto positivo; afecto negativo; infancia; Educación Primaria
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